Enhancing Logic Synthesis of Switching Lattices by Generalized Shannon Decomposition Methods

In this paper we propose a novel approach to the synthesis of minimal-sized lattices, based on the decomposition of logic functions. Since the decomposition allows to obtain circuits with a smaller area, our idea is to decompose the Boolean functions according to generalizations of the classical Shannon decomposition, then generate the lattices for each component function, and finally implement the original function by a single composed lattice obtained by glueing together appropriately the lattices of the component functions. In particular we study the two decomposition schemes defining the bounded-level logic networks called P-circuits and EXOR-Projected Sums of Products (EP-SOPs). Experimental results show that about 34% of our benchmarks achieve a smaller area when implemented using the P-circuit decomposition for switching lattices, with an average gain of at least 25%, and about 27% of our benchmarks achieve a smaller area when implemented using the EP-SOP decomposition, with an average gain of at least 22%

Logic synthesis and testing techniques for switching nano-crossbar arrays

Beyond CMOS, new technologies are emerging to extend electronic systems with features unavailable to silicon-based devices. Emerging technologies provide new logic and interconnection structures for computation, storage and communication that may require new design paradigms, and therefore trigger the development of a new generation of design automation tools. In the last decade, several emerging technologies have been proposed and the time has come for studying new ad-hoc techniques and tools for logic synthesis, physical design and testing. The main goal of this project is developing a complete synthesis and optimization methodology for switching nano-crossbar arrays that leads to the design and construction of an emerging nanocomputer. New models for diode, FET, and four-terminal switch based nanoarrays are developed. The proposed methodology implements logic, arithmetic, and memory elements by considering performance parameters such as area, delay, power dissipation, and reliability. With combination of logic, arithmetic, and memory elements a synchronous state machine (SSM), representation of a computer, is realized. The proposed methodology targets variety of emerging technologies including nanowire/nanotube crossbar arrays, magnetic switch-based structures, and crossbar memories. The results of this project will be a foundation of nano-crossbar based circuit design techniques and greatly contribute to the construction of emerging computers beyond CMOS. The topic of this project can be considered under the research area of â\u80\u9cEmerging Computing Modelsâ\u80\u9d or â\u80\u9cComputational Nanoelectronicsâ\u80\u9d, more specifically the design, modeling, and simulation of new nanoscale switches beyond CMOS

A 28-nm CMOS pixel read-out ASIC for real-time tracking with time resolution below 20 ps

We present the development of a test ASIC, named Timespot1, designed in CMOS 28-nm technology, featuring a 32x32 pixel matrix and a pitch of 55 μm, The ASIC is conceived as the first prototype in a series, capable to read-out pixels with timing capabilities in the range of 30 ps and below. Each pixel is endowed with a charge amplifier, a discriminator and a Time-to-Digital-Converter, capable of time resolutions below 20 ps and read-out rates (per pixel) around 3 MHz. The timing performance are obtained respecting a power budget of about 50 μW per pixel, corresponding to a power density of approximately 2 W/cm 2 · This feature makes the Timespot1 approach an interesting solution for vertex detectors of the next generation of colliders, where high space and time resolutions will be mandatory requirements to cope with the huge amount of tracks per event to be detected and processed

Timespot1: A 28nm CMOS Pixel Read-Out ASIC for 4D Tracking at High Rates

We present the first characterization results of Timespot1, an ASIC designed in CMOS 28 nm technology, featuring a $32 \times 32$ pixel matrix with a pitch of $55 ~ \mu m$. Timespot1 is the first small-size prototype, conceived to readout fine-pitch pixels with single-hit time resolution below $50 ~ ps_\text{rms}$ and input rates of several hundreds of kilohertz per pixel. Such experimental conditions will be typical of the next generation of high-luminosity collider experiments, from the LHC run5 and beyond. Each pixel of the ASIC includes a charge amplifier, a discriminator, and a Time-to-Digital Converter with time resolution indicatively of $22.6 ~ ps_\text{rms}$ and maximum readout rates (per pixel) of $3 ~ MHz$. To respect system-level constraints, the timing performance has been obtained keeping the power budget per pixel below $40 ~ \mu W$. The ASIC has been tested and characterised in the laboratory concerning its performance in terms of time resolution, power budget and sustainable rates. The ASIC will be hybridized on a matched $32 \times 32$ pixel sensor matrix and will be tested under laser beam and Minimum Ionizing Particles in the laboratory and at test beams. In this paper we present a description of the ASIC operation and the first results obtained from characterization tests concerning its performance

Analisis Penggunaan Google Dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Kinerja (Studi Pada Mahasiswa S-1 Angkatan 2013-2014 Program Studi Administrasi Bisnis Fakultas Ilmu Administrasi Universitas Brawijaya)

The goal of this study to analyzes influence esay to use Google, usefulness Google, and use Google towards bachelor degree performence. The sample in this study is university student bachelor degree on 2013-2014 level at Administration Business Department, Administration Scients Faculty in Brawijaya University. They are 164 university students using questionnaire as the instrument of this research. The result showed that easy of use Google has positif significant towards usefulness Google, esay of use Google has positif significance towards use Google, usefulness Google has positif significant towards use Google, use Google has positif significant toward university students\u27 performance. Further showed that use Google that used by university student. The used of Goggle is considered easy and useful, in implementation. This research showed a high assessment is easy and usefull Google on its use towards university student\u27s performence

The first ASIC prototype of a 28 nm time-space front-end electronics for real-time tracking

A front-end ASIC for 4D tracking is presented. The prototype includes the block necessary to build a pixel front-end chain for timing measurement, as independent circuits. The architecture includes a charge-sensitive amplifier, a discriminator with programmable threshold, and a time- to-digital converter. The blocks were designed with target specifications in mind including: an area occupation of 55 μm × 55 μm, a power consumption tens of micro ampere per channel and timing a resolution of at least 100 ps. The prototype has been designed and integrated in 28 nm CMOS technology. The presented design is part of the TimeSpOT project which aims to reach a high-resolution particle tracking both in space and in time, in order to provide front-end circuitry suitable for next generation colliders

The ASTAROTH project

The most discussed topic in direct search for dark matter is arguably the verification of the DAMA claim. In fact, the observed annual modulation of the signal rate in an array of NaI(Tl) detectors can be interpreted as the awaited signature of dark matter interaction. Several experimental groups are currently engaged in the attempt to verify such a game-changing claim with the same target material. However, all present-day designs are based on a light readout via Photomultiplier Tubes, whose high noise makes it challenging to achieve a low background in the 1-6 keV energy region of the signal. Even harder it would be to break below 1 keV energy threshold, where a large fraction of the signal potentially awaits to be uncovered. ASTAROTH is an R\&D project to overcome these limitations by using Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM) matrices to collect scintillation light from NaI(Tl). The all-active design based on cubic crystals is operating in the 87-150 K temperature range where SiPM noise can be even a hundred times lower with respect to PMTs. The cryostat was developed following an innovative design and is based on a copper chamber immersed in a liquid argon bath that can be instrumented as a veto detector. We have characterized separately the crystal and the SiPM response at low temperature and we have proceeded to the first operation of a NaI(Tl) crystal read by SiPM in cryogeny.Comment: proceedings of the LRT 2022 conferenc

Integrated Synthesis Methodology for Crossbar Arrays

Nano-crossbar arrays have emerged as area and power efficient structures with an aim of achieving high performance computing beyond the limits of current CMOS. Due to the stochastic nature of nano-fabrication, nano arrays show different properties both in structural and physical device levels compared to conventional technologies. Mentioned factors introduce random characteristics that need to be carefully considered by synthesis process. For instance, a competent synthesis methodology must consider basic technology preference for switching elements, defect or fault rates of the given nano switching array and the variation values as well as their effects on performance metrics including power, delay, and area. Presented synthesis methodology in this study comprehensively covers the all specified factors and provides optimization algorithms for each step of the process.This work is part of a project that has received funding from the European Union’s H2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 691178, and supported by the TUBITAK-Career project #113E76

Germline mutations in the transcription factor IKZF5 cause thrombocytopenia.

To identify novel causes of hereditary thrombocytopenia, we performed a genetic association analysis of whole-genome sequencing data from 13 037 individuals enrolled in the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) BioResource, including 233 cases with isolated thrombocytopenia. We found an association between rare variants in the transcription factor-encoding gene IKZF5 and thrombocytopenia. We report 5 causal missense variants in or near IKZF5 zinc fingers, of which 2 occurred de novo and 3 co-segregated in 3 pedigrees. A canonical DNA-zinc finger binding model predicts that 3 of the variants alter DNA recognition. Expression studies showed that chromatin binding was disrupted in mutant compared with wild-type IKZF5, and electron microscopy revealed a reduced quantity of α granules in normally sized platelets. Proplatelet formation was reduced in megakaryocytes from 7 cases relative to 6 controls. Comparison of RNA-sequencing data from platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, and CD4+ T cells from 3 cases and 14 healthy controls showed 1194 differentially expressed genes in platelets but only 4 differentially expressed genes in each of the other blood cell types. In conclusion, IKZF5 is a novel transcriptional regulator of megakaryopoiesis and the eighth transcription factor associated with dominant thrombocytopenia in humans

A balance between NF-Y and p53 governs the pro- and anti-apoptotic transcriptional response

The transcription factor NF-Y is a trimer with histone-like subunits that binds and activates CCAAT-containing promoters. NF-Y controls the expression of several key regulators of the cell cycle. In this study, we examined the functional and molecular effects of NF-YB knockdown. Cell cycle progression is affected with a G2/M-specific depletion. This is due to the inability of activation of G2/M-specific genes, as evidenced by expression profiling, RT-PCR and ChIP data. Surprisingly, apoptosis is also observed, with Caspase 3/7/8 cleavage. A role of p53 and Bcl-2 family members is important. NF-YB inactivation is sufficient to functionally activate p53, in the absence of DNA damage. Failure to maintain a physiologic level of CCAAT-dependent transcription of anti-apoptotic genes contributes to impairment of Bax/Bcl-2 and Bax/Bcl-XL ratios. Our data highlight the importance of fine balancing the NF-Y-p53 duo for cell survival by (i) maintaining transcription of anti-apoptotic genes and (ii) preventing p53 activation that triggers the apoptotic cascade